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What Exactly Are RFID Standards?


RFID standards are regulations that ensure RFID device and component interoperability. The guidelines assist manufacturers in understanding the features and specifications that are expected of their products. With this knowledge, all RFID products on the market, regardless of manufacturer, will be compatible.

 

Various regulatory organizations, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), EPC Global, and the American Standards Institute, develop the standards (ANSI). This article focuses on the specific standards that guide the design and features of RFID components.

 

What Exactly Are RFID Standards?

RFID standards are a set of rules that govern the manufacture and application of RFID technology. Their primary responsibility is to ensure RFID communication protocols' security, compatibility, and efficacy. Here's how the standards make RFID use a breeze:

 

Increased security. RFID involves the transfer of data from one device to another. RFID standards ensure that data is secure during the transfer process.

The ease of use. Because RFID tags are accepted worldwide, all components must be compatible. For example, company A's RFID tag should be compatible with company B's RFID reader.

When used on humans or animals, the operation is safe. The strength and nature of each frequency wavelength used on a tag are examined by regulatory bodies. The analysis will determine the tag's safety and efficacy on animals and humans. Because of their compatibility and efficacy on moist surfaces, regulatory authorities recommend using Low Frequency (LF) RFID tags on animals.

If you want to experience all of these advantages firsthand, you should always buy RFID components that meet RFID standards.

 

Why Are RFID Standards Important?

RFID regulations are critical because they ensure much-needed uniformity in RFID components. You can use products from two different companies without compromising their efficacy thanks to the guaranteed interoperability.

 

Furthermore, because the market is global, these regulations aid in increasing competition. As a result, because the regulations have eliminated the possibility of monopolistic operations, the standardized RFID products are relatively inexpensive.

 

RFID Standard Classification

RFID Standards for Specific Industries RFID regulations are designed to govern an industry, such as veterinary services, security, and tracking.

RFID Global Standards International bodies establish these standards to govern RFID operations around the world. The International Standards Organization (ISO) and GS1 are the two most important global regulatory organizations.

RFID Regional Standards These are the standards that govern RFID operations in specific regions. For example, in the United States, FCC Part 15 governs industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) RFID bands. It specifies the frequency bands 5725-5850 MHz, 2400.0 - 2483.5 MHz, and 900-928 MHz.

RFID National Standards These are rules established by specific countries to govern local RFID operations. One such organization is China's Standardization Administration (SAC). Many other organizations fall under its umbrella, including the China National Registry of Product and Service Codes (NPC), the Article Numbering Center of China (ANCC), and the Electronic Product Code (EPC) coding scheme. India, Australia, and Singapore are among the other countries with regulatory bodies.

Who creates the RAIN RFID standards?

Do you know what RAIN RFID is? It is one of the RFID branches that connects billions of items to the internet, allowing millions of users to access them. Businesses and consumers can access real-time data thanks to passive wireless technology. The data is then used to locate, authenticate, and interact with each item.

 

The body tasked with regulating RAIN RFID networks is EPC UHF Gen2v2 or ISO/IEC 18000-63. GS1, the International Standards Organization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Joint Technical Committee are other international bodies that can regulate RAIN RFID (JTC1).

 

Various regional bodies also regulate RAIN RFID usage. The Federal Communication Commission (FCC), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and Spectrum Compliance Asia are among those involved.

 

Furthermore, specific industry bodies such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and the American Trucking Association can regulate RAIN RFID (ATA).

 

RFID Standards: A Complete Guide

This section contains all of the RFID standards that you should be aware of before purchasing your RFID system. They are as follows:

 

ISO Criteria

ISO/IEC 18000-1:2005

This standard governs RFID identification's generic architectural concepts. It specifies the parameters that should be used in RFID components with a standardized air interface. Its operations are limited to data exchange/transactions across the air interface at the delta reference point.

 

ISO/IEC 18000-2:2005

The parameters for air interface communications between a Low Frequency (LF) RFID tag and an interrogator are defined in this standard. It regulates all tag functionality at frequencies of 135 kHz or lower.

 

It also defines the commands, protocols, and methods for detecting the signals of one tag, among many others. This is important because it prevents tag collisions from disrupting communication and jeopardizing data security.

 

While all other standards are required, implementing anti-collision standards is optional but required.

 

ISO/IEC 18000-3:2003

This standard specifies the guidelines for air interface communication at the frequency of 13.56 MHz. It specifies high-frequency tag collision management, physical layer, and protocol values.

 

ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004

This standard summarizes all of the air interface protocols for RFID devices designed to operate at a frequency wavelength of 2.45 GHz. It distinguishes two modes:

 

Passive tags that act as interrogators communicate quickly (ITF)

Battery-assisted tags that function as tags speak quickly (TTF)

ISO/IEC 18000-6:2006

This standard governs the physical interactions between RFID readers/interrogators and RFID tags. It defines the protocols, commands, and measures to prevent collisions in passive RFID systems operating in the 860 to 960 MHz frequency range (Ultra-High Frequency Range). It emphasizes the three incompatible types, which are Type A, B (rarely used), and C. (equivalent to EPCglobal Gen 2).

 

ISO/IEC 18000-7:2005

This specification defines an air interface for RFID devices that operates active RFID tags at a frequency bandwidth of 433 MHz. The tags in this category have a range of one meter (3 to 5 inches).

 

ISO 14443

This specification governs proximity cards that use Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. The cards use a 13.56 MHz frequency and are used for identification, security, payment, and access control. The ISO 14443-compliant cards have a range of 10 cm.

 

ISO 15693

This standard was created to govern the operation of proximity cards that employ near-field inductive coupling. The cards operate at a frequency of 13.56 MHz but have a greater read distance than proximity cards (approximately 1 meter). They are used in parking lots and contactless smart card management.

 

GS1 GEN 2 EPCglobal

This standard is also known as the EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Class 1 Generation 2 Ultra High RFID protocol for communications at 860-960 MHz. The standard was developed by EPCglobal (now GS1) in 2013, and it was approved by ISO 18000-6C in 2015.

 

The standard specifies air interface parameters for RFID tags operating at frequencies ranging from 860-960 MHz. The most recent version of the standards, Gen2v2, was created in 2013.

 

Characteristics of Gen2v2 Standards

 

Three Distinctive Modes The reader has three modes of operation: single, multi, and dense environments. When using the dense mode, you can use hundreds of readers at the same time.

Methods of Dynamic Encoding RFID readers that meet Gen2v2 standards can change encoding techniques based on the environment. An RFID reader, for example, will use FM0 encoding in a low-noise environment (which is faster) and Miller subcarrier (which is slower but more efficient) in a noisy environment. This ensures that you get the best results possible regardless of the circumstances.

Rapid Data Transfer Rate A Gen2v2 RFID system transmits data at up to 640 Kbps, which is five times faster than previous standards.

Additional Commands for Simple Tag Population Management The RFID system Gen2v2 supports access, select, and inventory commands. These features ensure a more accurate and efficient tag reading process.

Increased security. These standards allow for longer access passwords of up to 32 bits and kill passwords to easily disable tags. This feature ensures the security of data transferred via the RFID system.

Four Operations Sessions RFID tags that conform to Gen2v2 specifications can support up to four sessions per tag inventory. This means that four readers can communicate with a tag simultaneously without interference.

Data Protection Using Random Generated Numbers RFID tags that are Gen2v2 compliant provide a forward link of randomly generated numbers to the reader. This one-of-a-kind feature guards against unauthorized tag writing.

Increased programmability. The memory in Gen2v2 RFID tags is divided into four banks. A bank can have read-only, read/write, and write once modes, allowing for greater application flexibility.

Q Algorithm Improvement. This feature provides improved tag collision resolution as well as increased security when data is transferred from the tag to the reader.

Furthermore, a more advanced upgrade of Gen2v2 known as Gen2 (V1) provides even more applicability, memory, and security.


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